June 2024 Current Affairs

❏ Ahilyabai Holkar: A Trailblazer in Leadership and Governance

Why in the News?

Ahilyabai Holkar, one of the most revered queens in Indian history, is celebrated for her exemplary governance and contributions to society. The 300th birth anniversary of this visionary ruler, observed recently, brought to light her life and achievements, inspiring discussions on her legacy as a model administrator and a compassionate leader.

Early Life and Background

Ahilyabai Holkar was born on May 31, 1725, in the quaint village of Chondi in Jamkhed, located in present-day Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. Her father, Mankoji Shinde, was the village chief. Despite societal restrictions on women’s education, Ahilyabai was taught to read and write, a rarity for women in that era, reflecting her forward-thinking upbringing.

Her life took a significant turn when Malhar Rao Holkar, a nobleman and army commander in the Maratha Empire, noticed her potential and arranged her marriage to his son Khande Rao Holkar.

However, tragedy struck in 1754 when her husband Khande Rao died in the Battle of Kumbher, followed by the deaths of her father-in-law and son in quick succession. Despite these personal losses, Ahilyabai rose to power, assuming the responsibilities of the Holkar Dynasty in Malwa.

Administration and Governance

Ahilyabai’s governance is considered a golden chapter in Indian history. She ascended the throne in 1767 and ruled until her death in 1795, a period marked by stability and prosperity in Malwa. Despite being a widow in a male-dominated society, Ahilyabai redefined leadership by focusing on justice, development, and social welfare.

1. Strengthening Administration:
   Ahilyabai established an efficient administrative structure. She believed in fairness and inclusivity, ensuring that her subjects’ voices were heard. She regularly held public audiences, where she personally addressed grievances, earning the title “Punyashlok”, meaning one who brings divine blessings to her people.

2. Peace and Stability:
   Her reign provided much-needed stability to Malwa during a time of intense power struggles in Central India. She managed to maintain peace and foster harmony among diverse communities. Her policies emphasized social equity and economic growth.

3. Military Leadership:
   Recognizing the limitations imposed by her gender, Ahilyabai appointed Tukoji Holkar, a trusted soldier, as the commander of her army. Nevertheless, she actively participated in military strategies and even led armies into battle to defend her territory from external threats.

Ahilyabai’s Contributions to Society and Culture

1. Architectural Marvels:
   Ahilyabai was a patron of architecture and religious infrastructure. She constructed numerous temples, dharamshalas (rest houses), wells, and ghats across India. Prominent structures built during her reign include:

   • Kashi Vishwanath Temple (Varanasi): She renovated the temple, ensuring its sanctity after its destruction during Mughal invasions.
   • Ghats in Ujjain, Somnath, and Haridwar: These riverfronts facilitated better public access for religious and social purposes.

2. Promotion of Education and Arts:
   Ahilyabai emphasized the importance of learning and arts. She encouraged scholars and artisans, fostering a cultural renaissance in Malwa. Her court was a hub of literary and cultural activities.

3. Economic Policies:
   Her reign saw economic prosperity, largely due to her encouragement of trade and agriculture. She implemented fair tax policies, ensuring that peasants were not burdened, and incentivized commerce, which attracted traders to Malwa.

4. Welfare Schemes:
   Ahilyabai prioritized the welfare of her subjects by building roads, wells, and hospitals. Her actions epitomized the concept of “Dharma”, placing service to humanity above all.

Legacy of Ahilyabai Holkar

Ahilyabai’s legacy transcends her time. Her governance serves as a model for inclusive leadership. She was a rare combination of valor, administrative acumen, and spiritual devotion. Even today, she is remembered for her contributions to architecture, her philanthropic initiatives, and her undeterred commitment to justice.

Important Dates and Milestones:

• May 31, 1725: Born in Chondi, Maharashtra.
• 1754: Loss of her husband in the Battle of Kumbher.
• 1767: Ascended the throne of Malwa.
• 1795: Passed away, marking the end of her illustrious reign.

Inspirational Thoughts by Ahilyabai Holkar:

Ahilyabai believed in the principle that a ruler’s primary duty was the service of their people. Her governance philosophy aligns with the Gandhian ideals of Sarvodaya (welfare of all), making her a timeless figure in Indian polity.

❏ Srinagar Earns the Prestigious ‘World Craft City’ Title

Why in the News?

Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, has achieved a prestigious milestone by being designated as a ‘World Craft City’ by the World Craft Council (WCC) in June 2024. This recognition places Srinagar alongside three other Indian cities—Jaipur, Malappuram, and Mysore—that have previously received this global honor. This development not only highlights the exceptional craftsmanship of Srinagar but also elevates its standing in the global cultural and artisanal community.

A Historic Achievement for Srinagar

Srinagar’s designation as a ‘World Craft City’ underscores its rich heritage in traditional handicrafts. The World Craft Council acknowledged several renowned crafts of Kashmir, which include:

• Papier-Mâché: A unique art form where paper pulp is molded and painted with intricate designs.
• Hand-Knotted Carpets: Globally appreciated for their intricate patterns and craftsmanship.
• Pashmina Shawls: Luxurious, finely crafted shawls made from Pashmina wool, a specialty of Kashmir.
• Kani Weaving: A traditional form of shawl weaving that uses wooden needles.
• Sozni Embroidery: A delicate needlework technique often used on Pashmina shawls and garments.

This recognition also builds upon Srinagar’s earlier accolade in 2021, when it was designated as a UNESCO Creative City for Crafts and Folk Art.

Understanding the World Craft Council (WCC)

History and Objectives

• Founded: The WCC was established in 1964 at the 1st World Craft Council General Assembly held in New York.
• Purpose: Its primary aim is to enhance the cultural and economic significance of crafts globally.
• Vision: To promote cooperation and exchange among craftspeople worldwide, ensuring their traditions thrive in modern times.

Global Impact
The WCC plays a pivotal role in fostering recognition for cities that excel in preserving and innovating craft traditions. By designating World Craft Cities, it creates global opportunities for artisans, ensuring sustainability and cultural exchange.

The Cultural Wealth of Srinagar

Srinagar’s craft heritage is deeply intertwined with its cultural identity. Crafts such as Pashmina and Papier-Mâché have not only contributed to the local economy but have also served as symbols of India’s rich artistic legacy.

Significance of Papier-Mâché
This craft has its roots in Persian art and is often used to create vibrant decorative objects like boxes, trays, and Christmas ornaments. Each piece is hand-painted with motifs inspired by Kashmiri flora and fauna.

Economic Contribution of Handicrafts
The handicraft industry is a significant contributor to Jammu and Kashmir’s economy. It employs thousands of artisans and provides livelihoods to families across the valley. The recognition by WCC will boost global demand for these crafts, helping to uplift the local economy.

Srinagar’s Place Among Indian World Craft Cities

Srinagar is the fourth Indian city to earn the World Craft City title. Here is a look at the other three Indian cities previously recognized:

1. Jaipur (Rajasthan): Known for its Blue Pottery and Block Printing.
2. Malappuram (Kerala): Famous for its intricate Metal Mirror Craft (Aranmula Kannadi).
3. Mysore (Karnataka): Renowned for its Sandalwood Carving and Mysore Silk.

This achievement aligns with India’s commitment to preserving its artisanal heritage and promoting its artisans on the world stage.

Benefits of the Recognition

1. Global Recognition: Srinagar’s inclusion in the WCC list puts the city’s crafts on the global map, attracting buyers, collectors, and cultural enthusiasts.
2. Economic Growth: Enhanced demand for handcrafted products is expected to create job opportunities and boost income for local artisans.
3. Cultural Preservation: This acknowledgement ensures that the art forms of Kashmir are preserved for future generations.
4. Tourism Promotion: The designation is likely to attract cultural and heritage tourists to Srinagar, further boosting its economy.

The Way Forward for Artisans and Crafts

While the recognition is a significant milestone, there are challenges ahead:

• Preserving Traditional Techniques: Ensuring that ancient methods are not overshadowed by modern, machine-made alternatives.
• Training the Next Generation: Engaging youth in traditional crafts through vocational training programs and incentives.
• Global Outreach: Establishing better marketing strategies to promote Kashmiri crafts internationally.

The government and private stakeholders need to work collaboratively to provide infrastructure, financial aid, and market access to the artisans.

❏ The Kheer Bhawani Mela: A Cultural and Spiritual Confluence

Why In News

The annual Kheer Bhawani Mela, held on the occasion of Zeisht Ashtami, witnessed thousands of Kashmiri Pandits gathering at the Kheer Bhawani Temple in the Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir. This event serves as a significant cultural and spiritual festival for the Kashmiri Pandit community and symbolizes their strong religious and cultural ties to the region.
The festival assumes greater importance as it highlights the enduring faith and traditions of the Kashmiri Pandit diaspora, many of whom travel from across India and abroad to reconnect with their roots. In 2024, the mela gained media attention due to the increased participation of devotees and the symbolic message of communal harmony in the region.

Historical and Cultural Significance

The Kheer Bhawani Mela is not just a religious event but a deep cultural marker of the Kashmiri Pandit community. The festival’s origin is steeped in history and mythology, reflecting the community’s resilience and faith.

Historical Origins of the Temple: The Kheer Bhawani Temple, located in the serene Tulmulla area of Ganderbal district, was constructed in 1912 by Maharaja Pratap Singh, a prominent Dogra ruler of Jammu and Kashmir. His successor, Maharaja Hari Singh, later renovated the temple, ensuring its preservation as a significant spiritual landmark. The temple is dedicated to Goddess Ragnya Devi, an incarnation of Goddess Durga, revered as a guardian deity by Kashmiri Pandits.

Mythological Background: According to Hindu mythology, Goddess Ragnya Devi instructed her devotees to establish her shrine at the sacred spring in Tulmulla, marking it as a divine site. The sacred spring beneath the temple is believed to change its colors, symbolizing the goddess’s mood. For instance, a milky hue is considered auspicious, while darker shades are interpreted as warnings of discord or unrest.

Celebration of Zeisht Ashtami: Zeisht Ashtami, the eighth day of the waxing moon in the Hindu month of Jyeshtha (May-June), marks the occasion of the Kheer Bhawani Mela. Devotees offer kheer (a rice pudding dish) and other items to the goddess, believing it strengthens their bond with the divine and brings blessings. The festival sees a confluence of rituals, hymns, and devotional songs, transforming the shrine into a vibrant spiritual hub.

Geographical and Religious Importance

Geographical Distribution: The Kheer Bhawani Temple is nestled amidst the chinar trees of Tulmulla, a tranquil village in the Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir. Other shrines dedicated to Goddess Ragnya Devi are located in Tikker (Kupwara), Laktipora Aishmuqam (Anantnag), Mata Tripursundri Devsar, and Manzgam (Kulgam), highlighting the widespread reverence for the deity across the region.
Sacred Spring and Its Mystique: One of the temple’s most intriguing features is the sacred spring over which it is built. The spring’s changing colors are attributed to mystical phenomena, with devotees interpreting them as divine messages. This natural marvel adds a unique dimension to the temple’s spiritual significance, drawing pilgrims and researchers alike.

Role in Reviving Cultural Identity: For many Kashmiri Pandits, the Kheer Bhawani Temple serves as a symbol of cultural and religious identity, especially in the wake of their mass exodus during the 1990s due to militancy. The annual mela becomes a poignant occasion for displaced families to reunite and reconnect with their homeland, underscoring its emotional and spiritual significance.

Contemporary Relevance and Preservation Efforts

Community Participation and Unity:The 2024 Kheer Bhawani Mela stands out for its inclusive spirit, attracting not just Kashmiri Pandits but also members of other communities, fostering a sense of unity and shared heritage. The mela is often seen as a platform to promote peace and communal harmony in the region.

Government and Civil Society Efforts:
The Jammu and Kashmir administration actively facilitates the mela by providing logistical support, such as transportation, medical aid, and security arrangements. Non-governmental organizations and community groups also play a crucial role in organizing cultural programs and ensuring the smooth conduct of rituals.

Preservation and Challenges:
Efforts to preserve the Kheer Bhawani Temple and its associated traditions face challenges, including the need for infrastructural upgrades and addressing environmental concerns related to the sacred spring. The temple complex has undergone periodic renovations to cater to the growing number of pilgrims, reflecting a commitment to safeguarding this cultural treasure.

Conclusion

The Kheer Bhawani Mela is more than a religious gathering; it is a celebration of faith, resilience, and cultural heritage. Rooted in history and mythology, the event underscores the enduring spiritual connection of Kashmiri Pandits to their homeland. As a symbol of communal harmony and cultural pride, the mela continues to inspire and unite people, making it an integral part of India’s diverse spiritual landscape