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A detailed artistic depiction of Ahilyabai Holkar, adorned in traditional royal attire, seated gracefully on a throne with a temple in the backdrop, symbolizing her dedication to governance, social reform, and cultural patronage

Ahilyabai Holkar – A Visionary Monarch and Architect of Indian Legacy

Home Blogs List Ahilyabai Holkar – A Visionary Monarch and Architect of Indian Legacy •This topic is related toHistory •Published on11 November 2024 Ahilyabai Holkar, a name synonymous with wisdom, compassion, and resilience, remains one of the most admired figures in Indian history. As the ruler of the Malwa region from 1767 to 1795, she stands out not only for her exemplary governance but also for her unmatched contributions to social welfare, architecture, and cultural preservation. Her reign is often celebrated as a golden period in Indian history, making her life and legacy essential for aspirants preparing for exams like UPSC, BPSC, and other competitive exams. This in-depth exploration will provide a comprehensive understanding of her life, achievements, and the indelible mark she left on Indian society, helping new learners grasp the context of her significance. Early Life and Struggles: The Foundation of Resilience Ahilyabai Holkar was born on May 31, 1725, in the quaint village of Chondi in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. Her parents, Mankoji Shinde and Sushila Shinde, were simple, devout people. As the village Patil, Mankoji ensured that Ahilyabai received a basic education—an unusual privilege for girls at the time. Even in her childhood, her sharp intellect, spiritual inclination, and empathetic nature were evident, qualities that would later define her rule. Ahilyabai’s journey to prominence began when Malhar Rao Holkar, a commander in the Maratha Empire, spotted her during one of his visits to Chondi. Impressed by her demeanor, Malhar Rao arranged for her marriage to his son, Khanderao Holkar, in 1733. She thus became part of the Holkar dynasty and moved to Indore. However, Ahilyabai’s life was marred by personal tragedies. The first blow came when her husband, Khanderao, was killed during the siege of Kumher in 1754, leaving her widowed at a young age. Adding to her grief, her father-in-law Malhar Rao and her only son, Male Rao, also passed away in quick succession. Despite these challenges, Ahilyabai emerged as a beacon of resilience, choosing to dedicate her life to the welfare of her people instead of succumbing to the practice of sati (self-immolation). Ascension to Power: Breaking Barriers Ahilyabai’s rise to power was not straightforward. In a male-dominated society, her decision to rule as the queen regent after the death of her father-in-law met with resistance. Many questioned her capabilities, but Ahilyabai’s resolve and administrative acumen quickly silenced her critics. In 1767, she formally ascended the throne of Malwa, becoming the ruler of Indore. Her leadership style, marked by a blend of justice, compassion, and strategic foresight, soon established her as one of the most capable monarchs of her time. Ahilyabai’s Governance: A Blueprint for Good Administration Administrative Reforms and Policies Ahilyabai Holkar’s reign exemplified efficient governance. She established a decentralized administrative system, empowering local leaders while maintaining central oversight. Her government was characterized by transparency and accountability, ensuring that the grievances of her subjects were promptly addressed. She encouraged meritocracy, appointing competent officials regardless of their caste or social status. For instance, she promoted Tukoji Rao Holkar, a talented military commander, to oversee her army and assist in governance. Ahilyabai also set up a robust judicial system. She personally listened to petitions, ensuring justice was not delayed or denied. Her fairness and empathy earned her the love and respect of her people, who referred to her as the “Mother of the Kingdom.” Welfare and Social Reforms Ahilyabai’s deep understanding of societal needs led to significant reforms aimed at improving the lives of her subjects. Some of her most notable initiatives include: Educational Reforms: Recognizing the transformative power of education, she established schools and ensured that even the poor had access to learning opportunities. Infrastructure Development: Ahilyabai personally supervised the construction of roads, wells, and rest houses (dharmashalas) to improve connectivity and ease the hardships of travelers and pilgrims. Agricultural Development: She prioritized irrigation projects, enabling farmers to increase their yield and strengthen the region’s economy. Empowerment of Women: A staunch advocate for women’s rights, Ahilyabai took measures to prevent child marriage and supported widows, providing them with financial assistance and opportunities for a dignified life. Contributions to Architecture and Culture Ahilyabai Holkar’s patronage of art and architecture remains one of her most enduring legacies. She believed in preserving India’s cultural and spiritual heritage, commissioning the construction and renovation of numerous temples and other religious structures across the country. Iconic Architectural Projects Some of her most celebrated contributions include: Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi: After the temple had been desecrated during invasions, Ahilyabai undertook its reconstruction in 1780, ensuring its sanctity was restored. Ghats in Varanasi and Ujjain: She built iconic ghats such as the Dashashwamedh Ghat in Varanasi, enhancing the spiritual experience of pilgrims. Maheshwar Fort: Her administrative capital and residence, this fort remains a symbol of her architectural vision. It is adorned with intricate carvings and inscriptions, reflecting her devotion to art and spirituality. Jyotirlingas and Dharmashalas: Ahilyabai funded the construction and maintenance of temples at major pilgrimage sites, including Somnath, Dwarka, and Rameshwaram. Her architectural projects not only enriched India’s cultural landscape but also fostered religious harmony by welcoming devotees from diverse faiths. Military Leadership: A Queen on the Battlefield Though primarily remembered for her administrative and cultural contributions, Ahilyabai was also a formidable military leader. She led her armies in times of conflict, defending her kingdom from invasions and maintaining its sovereignty. Under her leadership, the Holkar dynasty flourished as a powerful entity within the Maratha Empire. Philanthropy and Compassion Ahilyabai’s reign was marked by an unwavering commitment to philanthropy. She donated her personal wealth to fund public welfare projects and religious institutions. Her charitable initiatives extended beyond her kingdom, benefiting communities across India. Some examples of her generosity include: Funding the education of underprivileged children. Ensuring the regular maintenance of sacred sites. Providing food and shelter to the poor and destitute. Legacy and Relevance Ahilyabai Holkar’s legacy transcends time and geography. Her name is immortalized in institutions like the Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya and Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport

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Strengthening Ties – India’s Neighbourhood Policy and Emerging Challenges

International Relation / cosmoslearning.in

Home Blogs List Strengthening Ties – India’s Neighbourhood Policy and Emerging Challenges •This topic is related toInternational Relation •Published on5 November 2024 India’s geopolitical standing is deeply influenced by its neighbors, making regional diplomacy a pivotal aspect of its foreign policy. Recognizing that a peaceful periphery is crucial for national growth, India has consistently emphasized strengthening ties with its neighbors. The “Neighbourhood First” policy encapsulates this vision, aiming to foster trust, enhance cooperation, and build a harmonious regional environment. However, regional relations are complex, shaped by historical tensions, strategic rivalries, and external interventions. As India strives to assert its influence while balancing national interests, its neighborhood policy continues to evolve in response to changing dynamics. This blog explores the framework of India’s neighborhood policy, its evolution, current relevance, and the challenges and prospects for the future. Designed for aspirants of competitive exams, this in-depth analysis equips readers with the knowledge to grasp this critical aspect of India’s foreign policy. Understanding India’s Neighborhood Policy 1. Who Are India’s Neighbors? India shares land and maritime boundaries with nine immediate neighbors: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.Additionally, India’s extended neighborhood includes: Nations in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), ASEAN countries, Central Asia, and West Asia. The relationships with these countries are informed by civilizational ties, shared cultural heritage, and strategic imperatives. 2. What Is India’s Neighborhood Policy? India’s neighborhood policy is a structured approach to diplomacy aimed at: Building peaceful relations based on non-reciprocal cooperation (as per the Gujral Doctrine). Strengthening regional forums like SAARC, BIMSTEC, and BBIN. Promoting regional connectivity, economic growth, and development. Addressing common challenges like security threats, climate change, and resource sharing. This policy is guided by principles such as: Samman (respect), Samvad (dialogue), Shanti (peace), Samriddhi (prosperity), and Sanskriti (culture). These principles underscore the importance of trust-building and mutual respect in fostering lasting relationships. Evolution of India’s Neighborhood Policy India’s neighborhood strategy has undergone significant transformation since Independence. Each phase reflects India’s priorities and responses to global and regional events: 1. Early Years (1947–1960s): Idealism and Bilateralism India adopted an anti-colonial and anti-imperialistic stance, as demonstrated at the Asian Relations Conference of 1948. Treaties like the 1949 Bhutan Treaty and 1950 Nepal Treaty established bilateral frameworks for peace and cooperation. The Panchsheel Agreement (1954) with China showcased India’s commitment to peaceful coexistence. 2. Cold War Period (1960–1990s): Regional Assertion India asserted its regional dominance under the “Monroe Doctrine”, opposing external interference in South Asia. Landmark events included: The liberation of Bangladesh (1971) and the signing of the Shimla Agreement (1972). The integration of Sikkim (1975) into India. The SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) was established in 1985 to promote collective regional growth. 3. Post-Liberalization Era (1990–2000): A Shift to Pragmatism The Gujral Doctrine prioritized non-reciprocal concessions to build trust. Economic liberalization in 1991 paved the way for regional economic integration. 4. Contemporary Era (2000–Present): Strategic Balancing The Neighbourhood First Policy (NFP), introduced in 2008, emphasized holistic development through the 5S principles. India’s strategic outreach expanded to its extended neighborhood, focusing on: Act East Policy with ASEAN and Indo-Pacific nations. SAGAR Initiative for maritime security. Connect Central Asia Policy to boost ties with Central Asia. Relevance of India’s Neighborhood Policy Today 1. Geostrategic Importance South Asia, home to nearly 1.9 billion people, serves as India’s gateway to global markets. A peaceful neighborhood reinforces India’s ambition to become a regional leader and a global superpower. 2. Economic Opportunities Hydropower Projects: Collaborations with Nepal and Bhutan on hydropower provide clean energy solutions. Connectivity Corridors: Initiatives like the India-Bangladesh Protocol Routes enhance trade and economic integration. Tourism: Religious tourism with Nepal and Bangladesh strengthens people-to-people ties. 3. Security Imperatives Countering Cross-Border Terrorism: Ensuring cooperation with Myanmar and Bangladesh to tackle insurgencies in India’s Northeast. Maritime Security: Partnerships with Sri Lanka and Maldives to secure the Indian Ocean Region. 4. Countering China’s Influence China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has deepened its presence in India’s neighborhood, posing strategic challenges. India’s alternative frameworks, like the IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Corridor), aim to reduce regional dependence on Chinese projects. Challenges in India’s Neighborhood Policy India’s relationship with its neighbors is a blend of shared history, cultural ties, and strategic ambitions. However, various challenges have complicated the implementation of its Neighborhood First Policy, creating hurdles in fostering lasting regional partnerships. Let’s delve deeper into these challenges, providing historical context and examples for clarity. 1. Historical Disputes and Mistrust a) Long-standing Tensions with Pakistan Over Kashmir and Terrorism Historical Context: The partition of 1947 created deep-seated animosities between India and Pakistan, with the Kashmir issue becoming the focal point of bilateral tensions. Both nations claim the region in full but control parts of it. The conflict has led to wars (1947, 1965, 1971, and Kargil War in 1999) and skirmishes, making Kashmir one of the most militarized zones globally. Recent Developments: Pakistan continues to support cross-border terrorism, providing backing to groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), responsible for attacks such as the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and the 2019 Pulwama bombing. India’s abrogation of Article 370 in 2019, which granted Jammu and Kashmir special status, intensified hostilities, with Pakistan downgrading diplomatic ties. b) Border Skirmishes with China Along the LAC Historical Context: The India-China War of 1962 left scars on bilateral relations, as China occupied Aksai Chin, a part of Ladakh claimed by India. The Line of Actual Control (LAC), which separates Indian and Chinese-controlled territory, remains undefined, leading to frequent border disputes. Recent Incidents: The Galwan Valley clash (2020), where 20 Indian soldiers and an undisclosed number of Chinese soldiers died, marked the first violent conflict in decades. Continued Chinese incursions into areas like Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh underscore the challenges in maintaining peace. Impact: Mistrust stemming from these disputes hinders regional cooperation, particularly in multilateral forums like BRICS and SCO, where both nations participate. 2. External Interventions a) China’s Growing Influence Through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Background of BRI: Launched in 2013, China’s BRI aims

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June 2024 Current Affairs

Current Affairs / cosmoslearning.in

Home Current Affairs June 2024 Current Affairs • This is Full Length Current Affairs for UPSC & other PCS Exams• For Short and To-the-point Current Affairs CLICK HERE » History History • Art & Culture • Indian Society ❏ Ahilyabai Holkar: A Trailblazer in Leadership and Governance Why in the News? Ahilyabai Holkar, one of the most revered queens in Indian history, is celebrated for her exemplary governance and contributions to society. The 300th birth anniversary of this visionary ruler, observed recently, brought to light her life and achievements, inspiring discussions on her legacy as a model administrator and a compassionate leader. Early Life and Background Ahilyabai Holkar was born on May 31, 1725, in the quaint village of Chondi in Jamkhed, located in present-day Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. Her father, Mankoji Shinde, was the village chief. Despite societal restrictions on women’s education, Ahilyabai was taught to read and write, a rarity for women in that era, reflecting her forward-thinking upbringing. Her life took a significant turn when Malhar Rao Holkar, a nobleman and army commander in the Maratha Empire, noticed her potential and arranged her marriage to his son Khande Rao Holkar. However, tragedy struck in 1754 when her husband Khande Rao died in the Battle of Kumbher, followed by the deaths of her father-in-law and son in quick succession. Despite these personal losses, Ahilyabai rose to power, assuming the responsibilities of the Holkar Dynasty in Malwa. Administration and Governance Ahilyabai’s governance is considered a golden chapter in Indian history. She ascended the throne in 1767 and ruled until her death in 1795, a period marked by stability and prosperity in Malwa. Despite being a widow in a male-dominated society, Ahilyabai redefined leadership by focusing on justice, development, and social welfare. Strengthening Administration:Ahilyabai established an efficient administrative structure. She believed in fairness and inclusivity, ensuring that her subjects’ voices were heard. She regularly held public audiences, where she personally addressed grievances, earning the title “Punyashlok”, meaning one who brings divine blessings to her people. Peace and Stability:Her reign provided much-needed stability to Malwa during a time of intense power struggles in Central India. She managed to maintain peace and foster harmony among diverse communities. Her policies emphasized social equity and economic growth. Military Leadership:Recognizing the limitations imposed by her gender, Ahilyabai appointed Tukoji Holkar, a trusted soldier, as the commander of her army. Nevertheless, she actively participated in military strategies and even led armies into battle to defend her territory from external threats. Ahilyabai’s Contributions to Society and Culture Architectural Marvels:Ahilyabai was a patron of architecture and religious infrastructure. She constructed numerous temples, dharamshalas (rest houses), wells, and ghats across India. Prominent structures built during her reign include: Kashi Vishwanath Temple (Varanasi): She renovated the temple, ensuring its sanctity after its destruction during Mughal invasions. Ghats in Ujjain, Somnath, and Haridwar: These riverfronts facilitated better public access for religious and social purposes. Promotion of Education and Arts:Ahilyabai emphasized the importance of learning and arts. She encouraged scholars and artisans, fostering a cultural renaissance in Malwa. Her court was a hub of literary and cultural activities. Economic Policies:Her reign saw economic prosperity, largely due to her encouragement of trade and agriculture. She implemented fair tax policies, ensuring that peasants were not burdened, and incentivized commerce, which attracted traders to Malwa. Welfare Schemes:Ahilyabai prioritized the welfare of her subjects by building roads, wells, and hospitals. Her actions epitomized the concept of “Dharma”, placing service to humanity above all. Legacy of Ahilyabai Holkar Ahilyabai’s legacy transcends her time. Her governance serves as a model for inclusive leadership. She was a rare combination of valor, administrative acumen, and spiritual devotion. Even today, she is remembered for her contributions to architecture, her philanthropic initiatives, and her undeterred commitment to justice. Important Dates and Milestones: May 31, 1725: Born in Chondi, Maharashtra. 1754: Loss of her husband in the Battle of Kumbher. 1767: Ascended the throne of Malwa. 1795: Passed away, marking the end of her illustrious reign. Inspirational Thoughts by Ahilyabai Holkar: Ahilyabai believed in the principle that a ruler’s primary duty was the service of their people. Her governance philosophy aligns with the Gandhian ideals of Sarvodaya (welfare of all), making her a timeless figure in Indian polity. ❏ Srinagar Earns the Prestigious ‘World Craft City’ Title Why in the News? Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, has achieved a prestigious milestone by being designated as a ‘World Craft City’ by the World Craft Council (WCC) in June 2024. This recognition places Srinagar alongside three other Indian cities—Jaipur, Malappuram, and Mysore—that have previously received this global honor. This development not only highlights the exceptional craftsmanship of Srinagar but also elevates its standing in the global cultural and artisanal community. A Historic Achievement for Srinagar Srinagar’s designation as a ‘World Craft City’ underscores its rich heritage in traditional handicrafts. The World Craft Council acknowledged several renowned crafts of Kashmir, which include: Papier-Mâché: A unique art form where paper pulp is molded and painted with intricate designs. Hand-Knotted Carpets: Globally appreciated for their intricate patterns and craftsmanship. Pashmina Shawls: Luxurious, finely crafted shawls made from Pashmina wool, a specialty of Kashmir. Kani Weaving: A traditional form of shawl weaving that uses wooden needles. Sozni Embroidery: A delicate needlework technique often used on Pashmina shawls and garments. This recognition also builds upon Srinagar’s earlier accolade in 2021, when it was designated as a UNESCO Creative City for Crafts and Folk Art. Understanding the World Craft Council (WCC) History and Objectives Founded: The WCC was established in 1964 at the 1st World Craft Council General Assembly held in New York. Purpose: Its primary aim is to enhance the cultural and economic significance of crafts globally. Vision: To promote cooperation and exchange among craftspeople worldwide, ensuring their traditions thrive in modern times. Global ImpactThe WCC plays a pivotal role in fostering recognition for cities that excel in preserving and innovating craft traditions. By designating World Craft Cities, it creates global opportunities for artisans, ensuring sustainability and

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An image representing child rights in India a featured image with eyes of a child and deiscovering the child's right written on it by cosmos learning

Child Rights in India – A Quest for Protection and Justice

Society & Social Justice / cosmoslearning.in

Home Blogs List Child Rights in India – A Quest for Protection and Justice •This topic is related toSociety & Social Justice •Published on16 October 2024 India’s children represent over 35% of the total population, making them the future torchbearers of the nation. Ensuring a safe, nurturing environment for every child is both a legal obligation and a moral responsibility. Despite efforts through laws, policies, and international commitments, India faces persistent challenges in safeguarding child rights. Issues like child labor, trafficking, malnutrition, and inadequate education continue to plague many young lives across the country, making child protection an “unfinished agenda” in the broader social and economic framework. In this article, we delve into the core issues that hinder child rights, analyze the current framework, and highlight recent developments aimed at securing a safer and more supportive environment for every child in India. This in-depth understanding is crucial for aspirants preparing for competitive exams, as it sheds light on a vital topic within social justice and governance. The Legal Landscape of Child Rights in India India has developed an extensive legal framework to protect children. However, a deep understanding of these laws, their practical implementation, and the barriers to their success is essential to appreciate the complexity of child rights protection. 1. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 Scope and Significance: The Juvenile Justice Act provides the foundation for handling cases involving children in conflict with the law and those in need of care and protection. It encompasses measures for rehabilitation, social reintegration, and legal protection. Amendments and Challenges: The 2021 amendment further empowers district child protection units and sets guidelines for the adoption process. However, the act faces significant challenges in execution, including the need for specialized juvenile courts and trained personnel. Current Status: Recent studies indicate that while awareness about the JJ Act has increased, its application remains inconsistent across states. This lack of uniformity poses a significant barrier to achieving comprehensive child protection. 2. Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act, 2012 Provisions and Objectives: POCSO addresses offenses of sexual abuse, harassment, and exploitation of children. It mandates child-friendly procedures for reporting, recording, and trial to reduce trauma. Recent Developments: In 2023, the government issued new guidelines to improve coordination between police and child protection agencies under POCSO, aiming to reduce case pendency. However, rural regions still struggle with underreporting due to social stigma. Challenges in Implementation: Lack of awareness about POCSO, cultural taboos, and the absence of support systems in schools and communities make it challenging for children to report cases of abuse, limiting the act’s effectiveness. 3. The Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 Objective: The RTE Act mandates free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years, aiming to boost literacy and empowerment. Gaps in Educational Access: While enrollment has increased, dropout rates, especially among girls and marginalized communities, remain high. The lack of adequate facilities, teacher shortages, and safety concerns are critical hurdles. Pandemic Setback: COVID-19 severely affected school attendance and increased dropout rates, particularly in rural and economically disadvantaged areas, reversing some of the progress made under RTE. Persistent Issues: Challenges Hindering Child Rights Despite these legislative efforts, systemic issues continue to impact children’s rights, especially in economically and socially vulnerable communities. 1. Child Labor and Economic Exploitation The magnitude of the Issue: According to the 2023 National Census, around 10 million children are involved in labor, with many in hazardous industries such as mining, construction, and agriculture. Root Causes: Poverty, lack of education, and family indebtedness drive children into the labor force. Additionally, economic downturns exacerbate this issue, with COVID-19 pushing more families into poverty, thereby increasing child labor. Key Initiatives: The National Child Labour Project (NCLP), operational in select districts, offers rescued children educational and skill-based programs to prevent relapse into labor. However, limited resources restrict its reach. 2. Health and Malnutrition Malnutrition Statistics: Around 35% of Indian children under five years suffer from stunted growth due to poor nutrition. In rural areas, lack of access to nutritious food, healthcare, and early intervention remains a pressing issue. Government Programs: The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) program and Anganwadi centers provide supplementary nutrition and healthcare. However, these programs often suffer from inadequate infrastructure, low funding, and staff shortages, limiting their efficacy. Impact of Malnutrition: Malnutrition affects cognitive and physical development, making children more susceptible to diseases, lowering school attendance, and hindering social mobility. 3. Child Trafficking and Forced Migration Trafficking Statistics: India accounts for a significant portion of child trafficking cases worldwide, with an estimated 20,000 children trafficked annually. Children are trafficked for forced labor, begging, and even sexual exploitation. Measures to Address Trafficking: The Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection, and Rehabilitation) Bill seeks to create stricter penalties, improve coordination among states, and provide resources for victim rehabilitation. Yet, gaps in law enforcement and poor inter-state coordination continue to hinder these efforts. Emerging Challenges in the Digital Age 1. Online Exploitation and Cybercrime Growing Cyber Threats: As internet access expands, children are increasingly vulnerable to online exploitation, including cyberbullying, harassment, and abuse. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports a 25% rise in cybercrimes against children in 2023. Government Response: Initiatives like the Cyber Crime Prevention against Women and Children (CCPWC) provide resources and support mechanisms to report and counter online threats. Schools are also encouraged to incorporate digital literacy to help children recognize online dangers. 2. Social Media Influence and Mental Health Mental Health Impact: Social media exposes children to a range of influences that can impact self-esteem, mental health, and behavioral development. Cases of anxiety, depression, and self-harm linked to social media usage have been on the rise. Role of Schools and Families: Schools and families need to foster open communication about digital usage and set appropriate boundaries. Promoting mental health resources and counseling services in schools is also vital. Recommendations and the Path Forward Ensuring child rights is an evolving goal that requires multi-dimensional strategies involving legal, social, and community-focused initiatives.

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BPSC 70th Notification Exam Details Full Strategy Cosmos Learning

BPSC 70th Notification and Latest Update

Date Closed, State Exam / cosmoslearning.in

Home Exam Updates BPSC 70th Exam Notification ⚡Last date to apply (Ended) : 4th Nov 2024⚡Exam Date (Updated): 13th Dec 2024 Official Notification Apply Now Important Dates Event Date Application Start Date 28/09/2024 Last Date to Apply 04/11/2024 Last Date for Fee Payment 05/11/2024 Admit Card Release November 2024 (Expected) Exam Date (Preliminary) 13/12/2024 Exam Date (Mains) To be announced Interview Date To be announced Vacancy Details Total Posts : 2027 Application Fee Category Fee General / OBC / Other State ₹600 SC / ST / Female of Bihar ₹150 PH Candidates ₹150 Age Limit (As of 01/08/2024) Category Minimum Age Maximum Age General (Male) 20-22 years* 37 years General (Female) 20-22 years* 40 years SC / ST / Female of Bihar 20-22 years* 40 years PH Candidates 20-22 years* 40 years (*Minimum age varies depending on the specific post) Eligibility Education: Bachelor’s degree in any discipline from a recognized university. Additional qualifications may apply for certain posts. Exam Structure Preliminary Exam: Multiple-choice questions (General Studies). Main Exam: Descriptive (includes General Hindi, General Studies Papers I & II, and optional subjects). Interview: For candidates who clear the Mains. Do you want to prepare for this exam? BPSC Full Strategy BPSC Contents

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Agriculture and farming illustration showing a farm with a farmer in the circle and a water tap in the circle

Agriculture in India – Transition from Production-Centric to Farmer-Centric Approaches

Economics / cosmoslearning.in

Home Blogs List Agriculture in India – Transitioning from Production-Centric to Farmer-Centric Approaches •This topic is related toEconomics •Published on10 September 2024 Agriculture forms the backbone of India’s economy, making it one of the largest global producers of rice, wheat, milk, and more. Despite these achievements, Indian farmers face persistent challenges, such as socio-economic insecurity, chronic debt, and low income. For decades, India’s agricultural policy has emphasized production over farmer welfare, aiming for food security through increased output. However, to truly benefit farmers, a shift towards a more inclusive, farmer-centric model is essential, where profitability and livelihood security are prioritized alongside production. The Importance of Agriculture in India Agriculture is more than an economic activity in India; it is woven into the cultural and social fabric of rural life, where festivals, traditions, and community practices revolve around the agricultural calendar. Economically, agriculture is a key driver of national stability, ensuring food security and providing raw materials for industrial growth. Agricultural growth has proven effective in poverty alleviation, as rural prosperity promotes better education, health, and infrastructure development in these areas. As agriculture stimulates allied sectors, such as dairy and fisheries, it contributes to job creation and social development, supporting India’s journey toward inclusive rural progress. A Historical Shift: From Production-Centric to Farmer-Centric Models Historically, India’s agricultural policies focused on achieving self-sufficiency in food production. This goal led to the Green Revolution in the 1960s, which increased crop yields through the use of high-yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation. These efforts met the nation’s need for food security but created challenges, such as regional disparities and environmental issues. The 1991 economic reforms brought opportunities for agricultural exports, opening markets for Indian produce. However, a significant gap remained in farmer income growth. Recognizing this, the National Commission on Farmers, established in 2004, advocated policies for boosting farm incomes. Further, the Ashok Dalwai committee in 2017 set out recommendations aimed at doubling farmer incomes, reflecting a clear shift towards farmer welfare. Recent policies now emphasize not only production but also the profitability and financial security of farmers. Key Trends Shaping Indian Agriculture Today India’s agriculture is witnessing critical shifts that reflect both progress and persistent issues: Shift Toward High-Value Crops: The focus is gradually moving from staples to high-value crops like fruits, vegetables, pulses, and oilseeds. These crops are more profitable, especially for smallholders, and align with changing consumer demands. Growth in Allied Sectors: Livestock and fisheries have become vital sources of income for many farmers, as they are less vulnerable to seasonal risks. The livestock sector, in particular, is gaining prominence as a reliable source of growth and stability. Evolving Trade Patterns: Agricultural exports have expanded significantly, yet recent years have seen a slowdown. The global market’s demand fluctuations impact India’s trade dynamics, revealing the need for a robust export policy that supports farmer incomes. Decreasing Farm Sizes: With average farm sizes shrinking, smallholders face unique challenges. Fragmented landholding demands tailored support, especially regarding productivity-enhancing techniques and cooperative market access. Rising Non-Food Expenditure: Consumer spending trends indicate a shift towards non-food items, which affects demand for certain agricultural products. Farmers now face increased pressure to adapt to market-driven changes. Challenges in Indian Agriculture Despite these trends, Indian agriculture still faces systemic challenges: Climate Dependency and Productivity Issues: Unreliable rainfall patterns, frequent droughts, and vulnerability to pest infestations make farming a high-risk endeavor. Additionally, the sector suffers from low productivity due to factors like poor seed quality, inadequate irrigation, and limited access to advanced farming methods. Income Volatility and Financial Distress: High input costs and fluctuating crop prices leave many farmers with minimal or negative returns. Without stable incomes, farmers struggle to invest in improved practices, further trapping them in cycles of low productivity. Labor Migration and Workforce Shifts: The lure of urban jobs often draws rural youth away from farming, while certain regions experience labor shortages. In others, disguised unemployment persists, with more people engaged in agriculture than the sector can sustain. Market and Infrastructure Constraints: Limited access to formal credit, inadequate storage, and poor transport infrastructure force farmers to sell immediately after harvest, often at unprofitable rates. These issues prevent farmers from capitalizing on market demand and reduce their profit margins. Towards a Farmer-Centric Approach Achieving a farmer-centric approach requires a comprehensive overhaul that empowers farmers to earn a sustainable income while enhancing productivity. Key actions include: Enhanced Communication and Farmer Engagement: Establishing open, inclusive communication channels allows policymakers to engage with farmers directly, ensuring that agricultural policies reflect on-the-ground realities. Regular dialogues create a platform for farmers to share their challenges and participate in policy discussions. Financial Viability and Supportive Pricing: Financially sustainable agriculture relies on controlling production costs and ensuring fair price realization. Policy mechanisms like minimum support prices, crop insurance, and income stabilization can shield farmers from market volatility and natural risks. Integrated Agricultural Ecosystems: The various elements of agriculture—from seeds and soil to water, fertilizers, and farm practices—are interlinked. A holistic approach that considers these interdependencies can support more sustainable farming practices and improve productivity across the board. Export Growth and International Market Access: India’s agricultural sector has significant potential for global export. Strengthening the export policy can help farmers access lucrative markets, increasing their incomes and enabling them to benefit from international demand. From Farmers to Farm Entrepreneurs: Transforming farmers into agri-entrepreneurs fosters innovation and profitability. Programs promoting financial literacy, market intelligence, and crop diversification are key to this shift, enabling farmers to focus on high-yield, high-profit crops. Strengthening Institutional and Infrastructure Support: Enhanced public investment in agricultural infrastructure, such as rural storage facilities and transportation, is critical. Agricultural bodies like NABARD and ICAR play a crucial role in delivering these services, providing a support system for both public and private initiatives. Conclusion A shift from production-centric to farmer-centric agriculture is essential for achieving both national food security and rural socio-economic development. By adopting inclusive policies that prioritize the welfare of farmers, India can build a resilient agricultural sector. Such a transformation will uplift rural

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Home Blogs List This is a sample Blog Post for my WEBSITE Cosmos Learning – www.cosmoslearning.in •This topic is related toBlogs •Published on4 July 2024 This is a SAMPLE Blog/Article to test compatibility… A blog is an online platform where individuals or organizations share information, insights, and opinions on various topics. It often features regular posts or articles that are organized chronologically, allowing readers to follow updates over time. For UPSC exam aspirants, blogs can be an invaluable resource. They offer diverse perspectives on current affairs, which is crucial for the General Studies papers. Many blogs provide detailed analysis of government policies, international relations, and economic developments, all of which are key areas in the UPSC syllabus. Blogs also offer study tips and strategies from successful candidates, helping aspirants to refine their preparation methods. They often include book recommendations, resource lists, and summaries of important topics, saving aspirants time and effort. Furthermore, blogs frequently feature interviews with experts and toppers, providing insights into the exam process and motivational stories that can inspire and guide aspirants. Interactive features like comments sections and forums on blogs allow aspirants to engage in discussions, ask questions, and share their own insights. This fosters a community of learners who support each other. Additionally, blogs can provide updates on exam notifications, changes in syllabus, and other important announcements. For essay and answer writing practice, blogs often post sample questions and answers, as well as feedback from experts. Reading diverse blogs can enhance an aspirant’s understanding of different viewpoints, which is crucial for the Ethics paper. Blogs dedicated to current affairs provide concise summaries and analyses, helping aspirants stay updated without having to sift through multiple news sources. Many blogs also offer free resources like PDF notes, mock tests, and study schedules, which are highly beneficial for systematic preparation. For non-English medium aspirants, blogs in regional languages can provide material in their preferred language, making learning more accessible. Blogs that focus on specific subjects, like Geography or History, offer in-depth articles that can strengthen an aspirant’s knowledge base. Overall, blogs are a versatile and dynamic tool for UPSC exam preparation, offering a wealth of information, community support, and motivational resources to help aspirants succeed. Enjoyed reading this article? Visit our section Blogs

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This is a sample Blog Post for my WEBSITE Cosmos Learning

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